INAG110

Textbook Notes⌗

Chapter 1⌗

Communication Defined⌗

• Communication is the process of creating meaning through symbolic interaction.
  • The symbols in communication are arbitrary and can be anything.
  • Communication is a continuous process and depends on past context.
    • Context and previous communication form the basis for communication in the present.
  • Once something is said, it can’t be unsaid.
  • Communication requires more than one person to make any sense.
    • Similarly, communication changes depending on who is communicating.

Models of Communication⌗

• Linear Model
  • People takes turns being a sender and a receiver.
  • A sender encodes a message and a receiver decodes them.
  • The sender and receiver communication through some medium called a channel.
  • In both of their environments, their surroundings and their noise affects their respective encoding and decoding.
  • Noise is any force that interferes with effective communication
    • External - Factors outside of a person
    • Physiological - Biological factors of a person (physical feelings)
    • Psychological - Mental factors of a person (feelings, perception)
  • Their environment includes their physical location and their experiences.
  • The larger the shared environment, the easier it is to communication effectively.
• Transactional Model
  • Since communication is a process, the linear model misses the continuous part of it.
  • You can be both a sender and a receiver simultaneously.
  • In a transactional model, sender and receivers both become communicators.
  • Both communicators listen for feedback - a receiver’s response to a sender’s message.
  • The transactional model also includes non-purposeful messages, something that isn’t explicitly communicated, so both communicators decode and respond

Communication Contexts⌗

• Intrapersonal
  • This is talking to yourself (inner voice)
  • This is always prevalent and affects your view of yourself
• Dyadic/Interpersonal Communication
  • This is interaction between two people.
  • It’s a lot of most interactions
• Small Group Communication
  • This is a group people interacting with each other
  • A group presents a majority (a large group that conveys certain messages - explicit or not) which can create pressure
  • This pressure can push people out of their comfort zone, which means more risks
  • They can also be more creative
• Organizational Communication
  • This is a small group with a goal (an organization)
  • Each organization has its own culture and all do things to achieve a certain goal
  • This culture evolves with the organization
• Public Communication
  • This is a large group (some people cannot contribute)
  • Only some people are in control of the interactions and communication the most
  • This also presents opportunities for planning and structure
• Mass Communication
  • Messages beamed to massive amounts of people
  • This is much less tailored and personal
  • Mass communication can become personal with feedback
  • Many of these are created with Organizational Communication
  • These are also gatekept by people who control their situation and sending

The Unique Context of Social Media⌗

• Social media means audience size changes wildly
  • Some messages reach a few, while others reach million, while still sharing some context
• Mass media created by single people or small groups
  • Users reach millions of people themselves with their own content
• Groups are diverse
  • You can reach and communication with many people much more quickly, with all sorts of backgrounds and contexts

Communication Competence⌗

• Good communication varies by person
• Your ability to communicate will vary from time to time
• People’s environments heavily change their communication
• You can improve your communication
• Good communicators adapt to different environments and different people by looking from different views
• Good communicators put effort into communication and monitor themselves
• They also commit to a conversation, no matter the subject

Misconceptions About Communication⌗

• You don’t have to understand everything when communicating
• Communication can’t resolve everything, nor is it always a good thing
• Communication is about implicit meanings the same as it is about explicit messages
• Communication is complex and sometimes more concise communication is better

Chapter 12 - Preparing Speeches⌗

Analyzing your Audience⌗

• The purpose of this is to develop a remarks that resound and make sense to the audience.
• Demographics are the categories that you can fit your audience into based on their characteristics.
  • Do not exclude anyone based on their culture
  • Gender, despite its declining effect
  • Age, especially with pop culture relevant topics
  • Groups, different groups often share various opinions within them
  • Politics, this is one is especially relevant now in today’s world
• Attitude are surface level predispositions to a topic
• Beliefs are a persons conviction about an idea’s truthfulness
• Values are deep feelings about a concept
• Values are the best to focus on because of their abstractness and fewer number
• The situation your speech is in affects the expectations

Planning Your Speech⌗

• Steps
  1. Choose a topic
     1. A topic that interests you will be the best
  2. Define your purpose
     1. There are 3 usual purposes
        1. inform
        2. persuade
        3. entertain
     2. they’re not mutually exclusive
  3. Write a purpose statement
     1. It should be result oriented
     2. It should be specific
     3. It should be realistic
  4. State your thesis
     1. This is the central point of your speech
  5. Gather information
     1. Do research and learn about your topic
  6. Double-check your sources
     1. It’s easy to introduce bias or read untrustworthy sources
     2. Social media also intrdocues filter bubbles that are basically echo chambers
        1. If it seems too good be true, it’s probably false
        2. Check it if falls under your own beliefs

Structuring your Speech⌗

• Make an outline both for your own eyes and for others to read
• Make speaking notes to sketch your basic ideas
• Make sure your speech is organized in a logical manner
• Outline
  1. Introduce your topic
     1. Attention-getter
     2. Relevance
     3. Credibility
     4. Thesis
  2. Preview points and transition
  3. First main point
     1. Subpoint I
        1. sub-subpoint I
        2. sub-subpoint II
     2. Subpoint II
  4. Second main point
  5. Third main point
  6. Thesis restatement
  7. Main point review
  8. Closing Statement

Creating the Introduction⌗

• Capture their attention well
• Explain your main points, or maybe just outline your ideas
• Set the tone/mood in a memorable way
• Explain the relevance
• Explain why you should be talking about it

Conclusions and Transitions⌗

• In a conclusion, restate your thesis, review your main points and provide a memorable remarks
• Connect the ideas in your speech with transitions to improve the flow and the audience’s understanding

Types of Supporting Material⌗

• Definitions
  • An explanation of a term
• Examples
  • A case to demonstrate a general idea
• Statistics
  • Numbers representing a principle
  • Make them simple to understand
  • Make them concreate and easy to imagine
• Analogies/Comparison-Contrast
  • An extended metaphor to illustrate a concept
• Anecdotes
  • A brief story with a point
• Quotations/Testimony
  • Someone’s else memorable words
• Narration
  • Telling a with information
• Citation
  • Simply restating something else

Chapter 13: Presenting Speeches⌗

Managing Speech Anxiety⌗

• Nervousness can be good by making you more creative or giving you a bit of a boost (facilitvative speech anxiety)
• Letting it overpower you makes debilitative speech anxiety
• We might be nervous because of past experiences or irrational fears
  1. Fallacy of Catastrophic Failure
  2. Fallacy of Perfection
  3. Fallacy of Approval
  4. Fallacy of Overgeneralization

Choosing a Type of Delivery⌗

• Extemporaneous speeches are planned but the words are on the spot
• Impromptu are not planned are made up on the spot
• Manuscript are often read off a page for formal proceedings
• Memorized are remembered and very formal

Selecting Visual Aids⌗

• If you have it, have the object you are speaking about or a model (a scaled representation)
• Diagrams are line drawing that show properties of an object
  • Pictograms are digrams that show an image
• Word/Number Charts show statistics in an efficient manner

Using Visual Aids⌗

• Whiteboards/Chalkboards are spontaneous but noisy and hard to see and hard to reuse
• Flip pads/Poster boards are more portable and reusable but hard to transport
• Handouts are good for remembering but are distracting
• Projectors allow for displaying info to many people at once
• Video/Audio can be good but take away from the actual public speaking
• Slide decks are good and should be used but shouldn’t be too flashy or distracting

Visual Aspects of Delivery⌗

• Appearance is important but don’t go crazy or be underdressed
• Standing comfortably and moving around to engage your audience is good, but don’t fidget or stand too much at attention or lax
• Keep a good posture but allow some comfort
• Facial Expressions set the tone for your words, so keep them appropriate
• Keep eye contact with people to see what they’re thinking and keep them engaged but don’t stare at one person

Auditory Aspects of Delivery⌗

• With volume, be loud enough to hear but not loud enough to be screaming at your audience
• Speak at a somewhat fast rate to not lull your audience to sleep, but too fast will be intelligible. Speak around 120-150 wpm.
• Relax when talking so as to not raise your pitch
• Articulate your words clearly

Chapter 14: Speaking to Inform and Persuade⌗

Informing Versus Persuading⌗

• Informative Speeches
  • Noncontroversial
  • Does not intend to change attitudes
• Persuasive Speeches
  • Whether it’s forcing them to take action
  • Incremental
  • Ethical

Techniques of Informative Speaking⌗

• Define a purpose
  • Should convey what they audience will know or be able to do
• Be clear and simple (no jargon)
• Repeat important points but not in redundant ways
• Get the audience engaged and involved

Techniques of Persuasive Speaking⌗

• Set a single, specific purpose
  • Some speeches change opinion vs action
• Adapt to the audience
  • Stress points they’ll take to more
• Establish your commonality and credibility
  • Competence is expertise
  • Character is your ethics and their perception of it
  • Charisma is how your audience sees your enthusiasm
• Logos, Pathos, Ethos
  • Logos is formal logic
  • Pathos is speaking to emotions
  • Ethos is truly helping your audience

Logic, Ethics and the Art of Persuasion⌗

• Structure your argument
• Discuss the problem and how it affects them
• Describe the solution and how it will solve the problem well and how it will benefit your audience
• Describe what they can do/believe to make it happen
• Monroe’s Motivated Sequence
  • Attentions
  • Need
  • Satisfaction
  • Visualiation
  • Action

Structuring Reasoning Within Your Argument⌗

• Claims are an opinion the speaker wants the audience to believe
• Some audiences need back-up for claims, and other audiences need different claims and sub-claims based on their knowledge
• Evidence
  • Backup your claim
  • Say why your evidence is needed and why it can be trusted

Fallacies⌗

• Ad Hominem - attacking the person
• Reductio ad Absurdum - making it too simple (strawman)
• Either-Or - Falsely mutually exclusive
• False Cause - causation is not correlation
• Appeal to Authority - saying someone is an expert when they may not be for this topic
• Bandwagon - everyone believes it so I should too
• Hostile Audience
  • Find Common Ground
  • Ackowledge the Audience’s Viewpoint
  • Demonstrate Broadmindedness and Fairness
  • Present the merits of your positions
  • Lead the audience to accept your position

Chapter 4: Language⌗

The Nature of Language⌗

• Language is a collection of symbols with rules that convey messages
• Language is completely arbitrary and symbolic, no matter what
• Meanings come from the person, they’re not inherent to words
  • Denotative: Formally recognized definitions
  • Connotative: The thoughts and feelings that come with a word
• Rules make up language
  • Phonological: how words are pronounced
  • Syntactics: Structure of sentences
  • Semantic: The meaning of words
  • Pragmatic: everyday usage and known uses

The Power of Language⌗

• Names
  • Names are a part of our fundamental identity
  • Names can also be used to discriminate
• Accents and Dialects
  • Accents change pronunciation based on locality
  • Some accents suggest qualities about the people through stereotypes
    • It can suggest intelligence and also charisma/character
  • Dialect is a form of a language with different terms
• Powerful/Powerless Speech
  • Powerful language is clear and assertive
  • Powerless language is uncertain and deferential
  • Powerful language is impactful and show confidence
  • Too powerful can also be bad, however
  • Culture can also determine such factors
• Affliative Language
  • Affliative Language suggestions relationships between people
  • Using such affliative language to show they’;re apart of some group is called convergence
  • Using such language to show they’re not a part of some group is called divergence

Misunderstandings⌗

• Language is Equivocal
  • Equivocal words can mean more than one thing
  • Equivocation is purposefully using vague statements
• Meaning is Relative
  • Relative words only exist truly when comparedx to other things
• Languages differs by community
  • Slang is informal language used by a community
  • Jargon is highly specific langauge used in a technical field
• Language is nuanced
  • A euphemism is a way to say something indirectly
  • They are less harsh, but can be distracting and trying to hide something

Disruptive Language⌗

• Fact and Opinion are separate
  • Factual statements are either true or false can be verified as such
  • Opinions are based on a person’s beliefs
• Facts are not inferences
  • Facts are simple, but inference make an assumption about facts
• Facts are not emotions
  • Emotions can heavily determien language and word choice
  • They may sound like facts but are actually often opinions
• Don’t insult people
  • It’s not ok to treat someone like that
  • In addition, it’s a logical fallacy

Gender and Language⌗

• Genders are actually pretty similar but do have subtle differences

Chapter 7: Communicating in Interpersonal Relationships⌗

Defining Interpersonal Communication⌗

• Interpersonal Communication is between people who really know each other and treat other uniquely

Relational Messages⌗

• Almost every verbal statement has two messages
  • Content Message - the raw meaning
  • Relational Message - how the parties feel about one another
• Affinity
  • How much we like/appreciate the other
• Respect
  • How much we admire/uphold others
• Immediacy
  • The amount we engage with someone
  • You might like someone but not really engage with them (affinity, but no immediacy)
• Control
  • Amount of influence

Metacommunication⌗

• Metacommunication often drives communication so it’s right below the surface
• It can be used to reinforce a relationship through thank-yous for example
• Metacommunication can also be risky, you might convey something you don’t want to if it seems your analyzing the conversation too much

Self-Disclosure in Close Relationships⌗

• Self-Disclosure is revealing info that others may not know about you purposefully
  • It can be good when disclosed properly and at the right time, but can also make things awkward
• Social Penetration
  • Communication has two dimensions: Breadth: the range of topics, and Depth: their significance and how personal they are
  • Depth also depends on significance, conveying something significant, or private is deeper
• The Johari Window
  • You are represented in 4 quadrants
    • Quadrant 1 (Open Area): Both you and other person knows
    • Quadrant 2 (Blind Area): You don’t know but other person knows
    • Quadrant 3 (Hidden Area): You know but other person doesn’t know
    • Quadrant 4 (Unknown Area): Neither you or the other person knows
  • Interpersonal relationships are the best when there is more open area

Interpersonal Communication Online⌗

• Online communication keeps people connected more-so than without it
• Online communication can feel less threatening and easier to engage with
• Online communication can be validating easily
• Online communication can be asynchronous to both your benefit (allows to think about message) and loss (can convey in-personality)
• Online communication can be easily distracting and take away from other relationships
• Online communication can be overwhelming in its quantity and more communication online can actually lead to more loneliness

Confirming and Disconfirming Messages⌗

• Communication Climate: the emotional tone of a relationship
• Confirming messages lead to better communication than disconfirming ones
• Recognize the other person even if it may seem trivial
• Acknowledge people’s thoughts and what they’re feeling
• Be explicit in agreement

Relational Spirals⌗

• Positive Spirals: one confirming message leads to another and spirals
• Negative Spirals: one disconfirming message leads to another and spirals
  • Escalatory spirals deal with attacks but avoidance spirals are also bad as each become less invested
• Cyclical Spirals: when a relationship does one spiral after another

Chapter 6: Nonverbal Communication⌗

The Nature of Nonverbal Communication⌗

• Nonverbal Communication: Communication without words
• It’s everpresent
• People’s nonverbal communication hevily reflect their identity and how they want to present it
• It defines relationships
• It’s easily ambigous
• It’s important to communication

Functions of Nonverbal Communication⌗

• Repetition
• Subsitution
  • Emblems: Deliberate nonverbal behaviours that have precise meaning sknow the members of a cultureal group
• Reinforcement/Complementing
• Regulation/Intermediary
• Contradiction

Deception and Nonverbal Cues⌗

• There are no cues that tell for sure if people are lying, even if they’re a kid
• Relationships help in telling if people are lying but not for sure
• Truth vs Deception bias: prejudice to thinking some people are likely to tell the truth or deceive respectively

Kinesic Nonverbal Communication⌗

• Posture can exude confidence
• Fidgeting
  • Such behavior is called manipulators
  • This can make you seem nervous or stressed
• Smiling
• Eye contact
• Expressions of Emotion
  • Affect belnds: Combinations of two or more simultenous expression that show different emotions
• Voice
  • Paralanguage: nonverbal, but vocal clues
• Touch
  • Haptics: the study of touch

Nonverbal Aspects of Space, Time and Place⌗

• Space
  • Proxemics: the study of how people use space
  • It varies based on culture
• Time: Chronoemcs
  • Monchromic means punctual while polychronic means flexible schedules
• Territory
• Environment

Nonverbal Cues and Attractiveness⌗

• Attractiveness and Clothing do have some impact
• In addition, body art is more common and can effect perception of you

Gender and Nonverbal communication⌗

• Studies have shown women tend to use more emotionally expressive nonverbal gestures on average, which is most likely due to scoial conditions
• Media can blow things out of proportion and reinforce sterotypes and make them extreme
• Social structure means those who have less power often pay more attention to the nonverbal clues of those with more

Chapter 2: The Self, Perception and Communication⌗

The Self Concept Defined⌗

• Self-Concept: a set of relatively stable perception each individual holds about them self
• Self-Esteem: a personal evaluation of self-worth

Communication and Self-Concept⌗

• Significant Others
  • Reflected Appraisal: Individual develop their own self-image based on others feedback
  • Significant Others: people whose opinions we value
• Mass Media
  • People evaluate themselves compared to this
• Culture
  • Culture tends to be collective, especially non-Western ones
  • Identity comes from group membership
• Expectations
  • Self-fulfilling prophecy: influencing your behavior unconsciously based on your expectation

Mistaken Attributions and Communications⌗

• Attribution: attaching meaning to behavior
• Self-serving bias: being nicer to ourselves than we do to others
• Negative impressions are more impactful than positive ones
• Positive impressions suggest more of an overall positive image about the person than the often should (halo effect)
• People like things and people that are more similar to them

Myths about Gendered Communication⌗

• Sex is different than gender
• Male and Female aren’t really two extremes, people can be anywhere between
• Gender isn’t binary or a spectrum, it’s a kind of matrix

Empathy, Emotional IQ, and Communication⌗

• Empathy is useful
  • Empathy: Understanding and share another person’s perspective
  • Perspective Taking
  • Emotional Experience
  • Genuine Concern
• Empathy is different than sympathy
  • Sympathy: Feeling bad for someone
• Be emotionally intelligent
  • Emotional Intelligence is a person’s ability to deal with others’ and their own emotions
• Self-awareness
• Self-regulation
• Internal Motivation
• Empathy
• Social Skills

Identity Management⌗

• Everyone has a personal and private side
  • Perceived Self is the person you genuinely think you are
  • Presenting self is the person you present yourself to be
• Face work helps to manage our identities
  • Face is the presenting self
  • Face work is how we manage and show that presenting self
  • We don’t always go for the best face (can be hard to keep it up and don’t want to seem superior)
• Managining your identity is a collaborative effort
  • People also influence your identity management
• We all have multiple identities
• You might do it on purpose or on accident
• People manage their identity to different extents
  • High self-monitors watch their own behavior and others’, while low self-monitors do not regulate their own behaviors
• Your roles influence your identity
• You can manage your identity to reach a goal
• Managing your identity doesn’t mean you are lying

Identity Management and Social Media⌗

• Social Media can boost self-esteem
• Just be genuine
• It can help you be emotionally resilient

Chapter 3: Culture and Communication⌗

Culture Defined⌗

• Culture is the language, values, beliefs, traditions, and customs people share and learn
• Salience
  • Weight we attach to cultural characteristics in a partituclar situation
  • Differs very much by situation and people
• In-group vs out-group refers to the people whom with do and do not identify with or feel connected to
• Co-culture is the perception of membership in a group that is part of an encompassing culture

Communication and Co-cultures⌗

• Intersectionality
  • Your identities aren’t separate and can’t be completely separated
  • They all build on each other
• Race and Ethnicity
  • Race is a social construct created to explain biological differences based on ancestors
  • Ethnicity is social and is the degree that someone identifies with a particular group
• Regional differences
  • Even within the same culture, people can very much vary through accents, cultural norms, etc.
• Sexual Orientation and Gender
  • Gender can change over time
  • Sexual orientation is often an important part of gender identity
• Religion
  • Religion can be a big part of someone’s identity and they can be attacked for it
  • In addition, it shapes with how and with whom they communicate
• Socioeconomic status
  • Class solidarity is a real and powerful thing
  • If you grow up with a certain communication style (powerless or powerful), this can affect your entire life
• Political Viewpoints
  • It can be inflammatory in in-person settings and online, but much less threatening online
  • Bots and trolls are a big problem
• Ability and Disability
  • People with disabilities find a community (ex. people who are deaf have a whole language and community events)
  • Some prefer their disability not to define their person while other appreciate identity first language

Age and Generation⌗

• Culture’s view of age shifts over time
• Stereotypes restrict proper communication
• Youth isn’t all good
  • Personal Fables: Belief that you are different than everybody else
  • Imaginary Audience: People are watching you
• Technology is viewed vastly different
• Differences emerge in workplace expectations as extensions of culture

Cultural Values and Norms⌗

• Individualism and Collectivism
  • Individualistic tolerate conflicts, Collectivistic while want peace
  • Individualistic focus on personal achiements, while Collectivistic don’t do that as much
  • Individualistic are more independent and have a hard time seeing other views, while Collectivistic are the opposite
• High and Low Context
  • Depends on the background/fluff that society tends to use when expressing throughts
  • They also avoid direct confrontations or calling others out
• Uncertainty Avoidance
  • A culture’s acceptance of change
  • Less uncertainty avoidance often means more new things and more tolerance
• Power Distance
  • This is how different social classes (or those with more power) are deferred to or treated
  • More power distance means those with more power have more respect or must be treated a specific way
• Talk and Silence
  • Some cultures value small talk and view silence as awkward
  • Others see it as good and knowledgeable or showing someone’s genuineness and honesty
• Competition and Cooperation
  • Competitive cultures value independence and assertiveness
  • Cooperative cutlures value equality, relationships and consensus
  • Both can coexist

Overcoming Prejudice⌗

• People are biased to their own culture
  • Ethnocentrism is this to a bit more of an extreme
• This type of thinking leads to judgment and stereotyping of others
  • It leads to prejudice and unfair generalizations
• This ultimately leads to unfair treatment
  • It can become unfair discrimination - depriving people of opportunities or equal treatment based on prejudice, stereotypes, or irrelevant factors such as appearance, age, or race.
• Think mindfully to combat this

Coping with Culture Shock⌗

• Changing cultures will be difficult, it’s not just you
  • This is culture or adjustment shock
• You’ll miss your old culture
• You’ll do well, and have some tough spots
• Connect with others to help this

Chapter 5: Listening⌗

The Importance of Listening⌗

• Good listening skills makes you extremely hireable
• It’s a leadership skill
• It’s hard to mess with a good listener
• Asking and listening for advice makes you look good
• It makes you a better friend and partner

Misconceptions About Listening⌗

• Hearing is dfferent then listening
  • Hearing is the passive act
  • Listening is actuall understanding whats going on there
• Listening is a skill, and may not come naturally
• Listening depends on the person and environment

The Listening Process⌗

• Hearing
  • Also known as attending
  • Receiving and paying attention to signals
• Understanding
  • Making sense of a message
  • Listening fidelity refere to the degree to similarity of the message versus what its understand to be
• Remembering
  • How you store it for later or even just immediately
  • The residual message is what you take away from a conversation and its often smaller than what was it said
• Interpreting
  • Understanding but also taking into context the situation and therefore the implications of the statement
• Evaluating
  • Making a judgement about the message and/or speaker
• Responding
  • Giving observable feedback to the speaker

Listening in a Complex World⌗

• Message Overload: There are so many messages, its hard to keep track of them all
• Rapid Thought: We think slower than we speak, so its easy to get distacted with that much downtime
• Psychological Noise: Mind wandering
• Physical Noise: It’s easy to get distracted when you can hear things other than conversation
• Cultural difference: Different cultures empahsize different traits in good speakers and listeners, so what may seem like a good listener in one culture may not be a good lister in the other

Gender: Listening and Responding⌗

• Women tend to share similar experiences
• Men tend to solve/distract
• Empathy from a women to a men can feel like a put-down as if they’re trying to one up
• Distraction or solutions from a man may seem like disinterest to a woman because they keep trying to change the subject
• Being aware of this can help communication frustration

Hurtful Listening Habits⌗

• Actually Listen, don’t pseudolisten
• Tune in all the tme, don’t be a selective listener
• Don’t take offense at every statement
• Face the issue
• Don’t ignore the issue
• Don’t take all the attention
• Don’t talk too much

Skills for Different Types of Listening⌗

• Relational Listening
  • Allow enough time
  • Listen for implications
  • Encourage them to keep going
• Supportive Listening
  • Consider when and how to help
  • Carefulwhen offering advice
  • Avoid judgement
• Task-Oriented Listening
  • Listen for key ideas
  • Ask questions
  • Paraphrase
  • Take Notes
• Analytical Listening
  • Listen for info
  • Separate message and speaker
  • Search for Value
• Critical Listening
  • Examine evidence and reasoning
  • Evaluate Credibility
  • Watch for emotional appeals

Chapter 11: Communicating in the Workplace⌗

Communicate Skills Boost Career Success⌗

• Good communicators work well in teams
• Good communicators make clients happy
• Good communicators build public awareness
• Good communicators are good leaders
• Good communicators inspires other

Communication Mistakes to Avoid At Work⌗

• Don’t make fun of people
• Share the correct amount
• Be culturally considerate
• Don’t gossip
• Do your best in all ways
• Keep your emotions in check
• Move on from mistakes

Communicators Strategies for Leaders⌗

• Effective leaders are:
  • Humble
  • Good listeners
  • Open-minded
  • Able to work well with teams
  • Open to and encourage change
  • Be diverse
  • Honest and Ethical
• Trait theories of Leadership
  • People aren’t born with it, they develop it
• Situational Leadership
  • Leadership should change with the circumstances
• Transformational Leadership
  • People want to make a difference
  • Empowerment is essential
  • Mission is the driving force
  • Transparency is key
• Behaviors that demonstrate leadership potential
  • Staying engaged
  • Demonstrating competence
  • Being assertive, not aggresive
  • Providing solution when they’re needed

Working with a Difficult Boss⌗

• Put it more effort
• Make up the difference, be nice
• Seek advice
• Clarify the situation
• Manage expectation
• Be professionals
• Leave

Power in the Workplace⌗

• Legitmate Power
  • From position: nominal leaders
• Expert Power
  • When you know things and people know you know things
• Connection Power
  • When you know people
• Reward Power
  • Can give somethign in exchange
• Coercive Power
  • Can take away something or punish
• Referent Power
  • Likeability and amiability

Communication in Small Groups⌗

• Small Group
  • Limited number of people who meet over time to reach goals
  • Interact
  • Interdependence
  • Time
  • Size
• Motivational Factors
  • Group Goals
  • Individual Goals
  • Can Mix
• Rules
  • Official Guidelines that govern what the group is supposed to do and how member should behave; outlined in words
  • Norms are unspoken rules
    • Social
    • Procedural
    • Task
• Roles
  • Patterns of behaviors expected of members
  • Informal roles are unspoken
    • Task
    • Maintenance
  • Some roles hinder the group
• Cohesiveness
  • How much members feel connected to and commit to the group
  • Focusing on shared goals
  • Celebrating progress
  • Minimize competition
  • Establish interdependence
  • Building relationships

Advantages of Group Problem Solving⌗

• Groups have more resources
• Groups can check each other and catch errors
• Groups create more commitment
• Groups have more diverse ideas
• If the job is beyond one person, members can easily help each other, the issue matter, and no easy or obvious solution, group work can be of significant help

Making the Most of Group Meetings⌗

• Encourage equal participation
  • Keep group small
  • Make members speak up and speak equally
  • Keep it on topic
• Avoid information underload and overload
  • Provide background, but don’t overwhelm
• Avoid pressure to conform
  • Allow conflicting opinions
  • Minimize status differences Have someone playing devil’s advocate
• Use diversity
  • Allow more time
  • Keep good guidelines
  • Use more communication formats
  • Involve a distribution of people from various cultures
  • Educate people about other cultures
  • Open mind

A Structured Problem-Solving Approach⌗

• Identify the problem
• Analyze the problem
• Figure out what needs to happen for success
• Gather relevant information
• Figure out what is helping you and what is hindering you
• Develop creative solutions
• Evaluate possible solutions
• Follow up on solutions